HABIT - An act, behavioral response, practice, or custom established in one's repertoire by frequent repetition of the same act.
HALIFAX - Clamp across lamina of C-1 and C-2.
HARRINGTON ROD - An instrumentation and fusion using a straight, stiff rod for distraction or compression; associated with a posterior spinal fusion in the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine for scoliosis or trauma.
HEADACHE - Pain in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.
HEAT - A high temperature, the sensation produced by proximity to fire or an incandescent object, as opposed to cold.
HEMANGIOMA - A benign tumor consisting of a mass of blood vessels.
HEMATOMYELIA - Effusion of blood (hemorrhage) into the substance of the spinal cord.
HEMATORRHACHIS - Spinal apoplexy; hemorrhage into vertebral canal.
HEMISPHERECTOMY - Excision of one cerebral hemisphere undertaken for malignant tumors, intractable epilepsy usually associate with infantile hemiplegia due to birth injury and other cerebral conditions.
HEMATOMA - A blood clot.
HEMIANOPIA - Loss of vision of one-half of the visual field.
HEMIATROPHY - Atrophy of half of an organ or half of the body.
HEMILAMINECTOMY - The excision of only one side of the lamina (right or left) relative to other spinous process.
HEMIPLEGIA - Paralysis of one side of the body.
HEMORRHAGE - Bleeding due to the escape of blood from a blood vessel.
HEREDITARY - Transmissible from parent to offspring by information encoded in the parental germ cell.
HEREDITY - The transmission of characters from parent to offspring by information encoded in the parental germ cells. Genealogy.
HERNIATED INTERVERTBRAL DISC (HID) - Extrusion of part of the nucleus pulposus material through a defect in the annulus fibrosus. Otpouching of a disc.
HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS (HNP) - Extrusion of the central portion of an intervertebral disc through the outer cartilaginous ring. The material can compress the spinal cord or nerves in or exiting the spinal canal.
HERNIATION - Formation of a protrusion.
HETEROTOPIC BONE FORMATION - The occurrence of bone growth in an abnormal location.
HIBBS SPINAL FUSION - A lumbar spinal fusion that includes fusing the spinous process, lamina, and facet for stabilization.
HODGSON - Anterior approach to C-1 and C-2 area for drainage of tuberculosis abscess.
HOOK - For spinal applications, a metallic medical device used to connect spinal structures to a rod.
HORMONE - A chemical substance formed in one gland or part of the body and carried by the blood to another organ which it stimulates to functional activity.
HUMERUS - The bone of the arm, articulating with the scapula above and the radius and ulna below.
HYDROCEPHALUS - A condition, often congenital, marked by abnormal and excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the cerebral ventricles. This dilates the ventricles and in infants and young children causes the head to enlarge.
HYDROMYELIA - Expansion of the spinal cord due to increased size of the central canal of the cord which is filled with CSF.
HYDROXYAPATITE (HA) - The lattice-like structure of bone composed of calcium and phosphorous crystals which deposits on collagen to provide the rigid structure of bone.
HYOID BONE - Small, vertically oriented bones lateral to trachea, located at the level of C-3.
HYPER - Excessive, above normal.
HYPERACUSIS - Abnormal acuteness of hearing or auditory sensation.
HYPERESTHESIA - Excessive sensibility to touch, pain or other stimuli.
HYPEREXTENSION - Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
HYPERFLEXION - Flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limit.
HYPERLORDOSIS - Increase in the normal anterior concavity of the cervical or lumbar spine.
HYPERTENSION - High blood pressure.
HYPOPHYSECTOMY - Excision of the hypophysis cerebri.
HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI - A gland of internal secretion lying on the upper surface of the sphenoid (wedge shaped) bone.
HYPOTHALAMUS - A collection of specialized nerve cells at the base of the brain which controls the anterior and posterior pituitary secretions, and is involved in other basic regulatory functions such as temperature control and attention.
IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS - Structural lateral curvature of an unknown cause.
ILIAC BONE - A part of the pelvic bone that is above the hip joint and from which autogenous bone grafts are frequently obtained.
ILIAC CREST - The large, prominent portion of the pelvic bone at the belt line of the body.
ILIOPSOAS MUSCLE - Large muscles starting at L-1 and becoming wider as it picks up segments from the lower lumbar spine; combines with the iliacus muscle before attaching to the lesser trochanter of the hip.
IMMOBILIZATION - Limitation of motion or fixation of a body part usually to promote healing.
INFANTILE SCOLIOSIS - Lateral curvature of the spine that begins before age 3.
INFRATENTORIAL - Beneath the tentorium.
INFUNDIBULUM - A stalk extending from the base of the brain to the pituitary gland.
INSTRUMENTATION - the use of instruments such as metal screws or braces during a surgical procedure to support bone as it heals.
INTERBODY - between the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae
INTERCOSTALS - The muscles between the ribs.
INTERNAL FIXATION - The immobilization of bone fragments or joints with implants in order to promote healing or fusion.
INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT - Ligament between each of the spinous processes.
INTERSPINOUS PSEUDARTHROSIS - Formation of a false joint between two spinous processes.
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC - See Disc (Intervertebral).
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC NARROWING - Narrowing of the space between any two vertebral bodies.
INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON COUNTER PULSATION DEVICE - A pump which is inserted into the main vessel of the body, the aorta, to help the heart deliver blood to critical organs such as the brain or kidneys.
INTRACEREBELLAR - Within the cerebellum.
INTRA-ARTERIAL CATHETERIZATION ANGIOGRAPHY - An invasive study in which a catheter (a small tube) is placed in the artery and contrast material is injected to which makes the blood vessels visible on an X-Ray image. The catheter is inserted in the groin into the femoral artery (the artery to the leg) through a needle, and is guided into the arteries in the neck and head. This study is associated with a very small (less than 0.05 % chance of serious complications) and requires the patient to lie in bed for approximately six hours to allow the leg vessel to heal.
INTRACEREBRAL - Within the cerebrum.
INTRACEREBRAL HEMATOMA - A blood clot within the brain.
INTRACRANIAL - Within the cranium of the skull.
INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP) - The overall pressure inside the skull.
INTRAOPERATIVE CISTERNOGRAPHY - Administration of a contrast dye into the ventricles which are chambers in the brain that contain brain fluid.
INTRAMEDULLARY - Refers to medullaris, marrow; (1) withing the medulla oblongata of the brain, (2) within the spinal cord, and (3) within the marrow cavity of bone.
INTRINSIC - Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part.
IN VITRO - Describing biological phenomena that are made to occur outside the living body traditionally in a test tube. In vitro is Latin for in glass.
IN VIVO - Within a living body. In vivo is Latin for in life.
INFERIOR - Situated below or directed downward.
INFORMED CONSENT - Consent of the patient who has received sufficient information to have surgery, receive medication, or participate in a clinical study.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) - A committee designated by an institution, such as a hospital, to review and approve research projects; e.g., clinical studies in that institution.
INVESTIGATIONAL DEVICE EXEMPTION (IDE) - A FDA regulatory status which permits the human use of an unapproved medical device for the purposes of collecting clinical data under strictly controlled conditions.
ISCHEMIA - Inadequate circulation of blood generally due to a blockage of an artery.
ISOLA - A posterior fixation device.
ISOMETRIC - Of equal dimensions. In physiology, denoting the condition when the ends of a contracting muscle are held fixed so that contraction produces increased tension at a constant overall length.
ISOTONIC - Relating to isotonicity or isotonia. Having equal tension; denoting solutions possessing the same osmotic pressure; more specifically, limited to situations in which cells can neither swell nor shrink.
ISTHMIC - The lesion is in the pars interarticularis. Three types occur: lytic, fatigue fracture of the pars interarticularis; elongated but intact pars interarticularis; and acute fracture of the pars interarticularis.
JACOBS LOCKING HOOK - Thick, threaded rods for fixation of various spinal deformities.
JARCHO-LEVIN SYNDROME - Extensive defects of the spine with associated defects in the ribs leading to a small, stiff thorax and pulmonary compromise.
JOINT - The junction or articulation of two or more bones that permits varying degrees of motion between the bones.
JOINTS of LUSCHKA (uncovertebral joints) - Unique to the cervical spine, these jointlike structures are formed by the apposition of posterolateral portions of adjacent vertebral bodies; forms the anterior portion of the canal where nerves pass through.
JUGULAR VEIN - The major vein on each side of the neck draining blood from the head towards the heart. Large obvious vein in the neck.
JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS - generalized inflammatory joint disease in children.
JUVENILE SCOLIOSIS - Begins between the ages of 3 and 10 years of age.
KANEDA - An anteriorly placed fixation device for spinal deformities.
KINETIC - Relating to motion or movement.
KNODT DISTRACTION ROD - For distraction stabilization of thoracic and lumbar spine.
KOSTUICK-HARRINGTON - Anteriorly placed device for spinal deformity correction.
KYPHECTOMY - For kyphotic deformity in myelodysplasia; excision of kyphotic portion of lumbar spine combined with spinal fixation.
KYPHOSCOLIOSIS - Lateral curvature of the spine associated with forward inclination of the spine.
KYPHOSIS - An abnormal increase in the normal kyphotic curvature of the thoracic spine. Round shoulder deformity, humpback, dorsal curvature; may refer to any forward-bending area or deformity of the spine.
LABYRINTH - The internal ear, comprising the semi-circular canals, vestibule and cochlea.
LAMINA - The flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal. The posterior part of the spinal ring that covers the spinal cord or nerves.
LAMINECTOMY - Excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae. Removal of the lamina, the bony element covering the posterior portion of the spinal canal.
LAMINOPLASTY - The lamina are hinged laterally opened like a door, and secured in their new position with suture or bone to enlarge the spinal canal.
LAMINOTOMY - An opening made in a lamina. Formation of a hole in the lamina without disrupting the continuity of the entire lamina to approach the intervertebral disc or neural structures.
LAPAROSCOPY a form of minimally invasive surgery using a type of endoscope known as a laproscope. The technique allows surgeons to perform procedures without making major incisions that can lead to long recovery times.
LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The device that produces a focused beam of light at a defined wavelength that can vaporize tissue. In surgery, lasers can be used to operate on small areas without damaging delicate surrounding tissue.
LATERAL - Situated away from the midline of the body.
LATERAL MASS - The lateral expansion of the spinal ring in the cervical spine, consisting of the facet joints and intervening bone as well as a tunnel through which the vertebral artery travels in the second through fifth cervical vertebra.
LEEDS - For scoliosis, segmental wiring of a contoured square-ended Harrington rod.
LEPTOMENINGES - Two thin layers of fine tissue covering the brain and spinal cord (The pia mater and arachnoid).
LEPTOMENINGITIS - Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
LEPTOMENINGOPATHY - Disease of the arachnoid or pia matter of the brain and spinal cord.
LEUKODYSTROPHY - Disturbance of the white matter of the brain.
LEUKOENCEPHALITIS - An inflammation of the white matter of the brain.
LIGAMENT - A band of flexible, fibrous connective tissue that is attached at the end of a bone near a joint. The main function of a ligament is to attach bones to one another, to provide stability of a joint, and to prevent or limit some joint motion.
LIGAMENTOUS - Relating to or of the form or structure of a ligament.
LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM - A band of yellow elastic tissue that runs between the laminae from the axis to the sacrum; it assists in maintaining or regaining erect position and serves to close in the spaces between the arches.
LIMBUS ANNULARE - A mass of bone situated at the anterospuerior margin of a vertebra. Arises from failure of fusion of the primary and secondary ossification centers.
LINEAR ACCELERATOR - Equipment that precisely delivers a concentrated dose of radiation to a predetermined target using x-rays.
LIPOMA - A benign fatty tumor, usually composed of mature fat cells.
LOCALIO - For sacral tumor; a method for partial excision of the scarum.
LOCALIZATION - Limitation to a definite area. The reference of a sensation to its point of origin.
LONG BEACH PEDICLE SCREW - Posterolateral fusion screw and rod device.
LONGISSIMUS COLLI - Long muscle immediately anterior to the cervical spine.
LONG TRACTS - The nerve fibers that connect the voluntary muscle messages from the brain.
LORDOSCOLIOSIS - Lateral curvature of the spine associated with backward bending of the spine.
LORDOSIS - Curvature of the spine with the convexity Not a disease state, but the normal anterior concavity of the neck or low back.
LOUGHHEED and WHITE - For drainage of lower abdominal abscess; coccygectomy and drainage from space anterior to sacrum.
LUMBAGO - A non-medical term signifying pain in the lumbar region. Archaic term meaning back pain.
LUMBAR - The lower part of the spine between the thoracic and the sacrum. The lumbar spine consists of five vertebrae. The five moveable spinal segments of the lower back and largestof the spinal segments.
LUMBAR CURVE - Curve with apex between the first and the fourth lumbar vertebrae.
LUMBAR DRAIN - A device (usually a long, thin, flexible tube) inserted through the skin into the cerebrospinal fluid space of the lower back; provides a method of draining cerebrospinal fluid.
LUMBARIZATION - Partial or complete formation of a free-moving first sacral segment so that it looks like a lumbar vertebra.
LUMBAR KYPHOSIS - Reverse of the normal curve of the back.
LUMBAR LORDOSIS - Angle made by lines drawn from the superior surface of the first and fifth lumbar vertebra.
LUMBAR MICRODISCECTOMY - an operation on the lumbar spine performed using a surgical microscope and microsurgical techniques.
LUMBOSACRAL CURVE - A lateral curve with its aspect at or between the fifth lumbar vertebra.
LUMBOSACRAL JOINT ANGLE - Angle between the inferior of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the top of the sacrum.
LUQUE INSTRUMENTATION -A posterior method of fixation.
LUQUE ISF - For posterolateral fusion fixation; a pedicle screw and plate device.
LUXATION - Dislocation.
MACCARTHY PROCEDURE - For sacral tumor; a method of excision of the sacrum.
MAGERL - Transarticular facet screw fusion for posterior C-1 on C-2 with the use of bilateral screws directed from inferior posterior lateral mass to anterior superior C-1.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY (MRA) - A non-invasive study which is conducted in a Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI). The magnetic images are assembled by a computer to provide an image of the arteries in the head and neck. No contrast material is needed, but some patients may experience claustrophobia in the imager.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) - Diagnostic test that produces three-dimensional images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology rather than x-rays.
MALIGNANT - resistant to treatment; occurring in severe form, and frequently fatal; tending to become worse and leading to an ingravescent course.
MARGINAL OSTEOPHYTES - Excess bone formation at the margin of the vertebral body; spondylosis.
MARIE-STRÜMPELL d - Inflammation of the spine, occurring as a rheumatoid-tyoe disease in children.
MASSAGE - A method of manipulation of the body by rubbing, pinching, kneading, tapping, etc.
MCAFFEE - Anterior retropharyngeal approach to upper cervical spine; often used for fusion, allowing excision of tumor.
MEDIAN NERVE - The nerve formed from the brachial plexus that supplies muscles in the anterior forearm and thumb, as well as, sensation of the hand. It may be compressed or trapped at the wrist in carpal tunnel syndrome.
MEDIAL - Situated closer to the midline of the body.
MEDICAL DEVICE REPORT (MDR) - The required reporting of' medical device complaints involving a patient death, serious injury, or device malfunction.
MEDICATION - The act of medicating. A medical substance, or medicament.
MEDULLA OBLONGATA - The lower portion of the brain stem.
MEDULLOBLASTOMA - Tumor composed of medulloblasts which are cells which develop in the roof of the fourth ventricle (medullary velum).
MENINGES - The three membranes covering the spinal cord and brain termed dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.
MENINGIOMA - A firm, often vascular, tumor arising from the coverings of the brain. Does not recur if totally removed.
MENINGISMUS - Apparent irritation of brain or spinal cord in which symptoms simulate meningitis but in which no actual inflammation of the membranes is present; meningism.
MENINGITIS - An infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses.
MENINGOCELE - A protrusion of the coverings of the spinal cord or brain through a defect in the skull or vertebral column. May be congenital or acquired.
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS - An inflammation or infection of the brain and spinal cord and their membranes.
MENINGOENCEPHALOCELE - A protrusion of both the meninges and brain tissue through a skull defect
MENINGOMYELITIS - Inflammation of spinal cord, its enveloping arachnoid and pia mater, and sometimes the dura mater..
MEYER - For C-1 to C-2 instability, posterior fusion using vertical strut grafts and wires.
MODIFIED FRANKEL CLASSIFICATION - Scale for spinal cord damage due to any cause.
MORBIDITY the frequency of the appearance of complications following a surgical procedure or the other treatment.
MRA - Magnetic Resonance Angiography. A non-invasive study which is conducted in a Magnetic Resonance Imager (MRI). The magnetic images are assembled by a computer to provide an image of the arteries in the head and neck. No contrast material is needed, but some patients may experience claustrophobia in the imager.
MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Scanning technique for views of the brain or spinal cord. No radiation is involved, but rather pulsed magnetic waves are used to delineate the structures within the brain.
MESENCEPHALIC - Relating to that part of the brain stem known as the mesencephalon.
MINIMAL ACCESS DISCECTOMY - an operation performed on the upper spine to relieve pressure on one or more nerve roots.
Minimally Invasive Lumbar Laminectomy/Discectomy - an operation performed on the lower spine to relieve pressure on one or more nerve roots. The term is derived from the words lumbar (low back), and discectomy (remove a portion of the intervertebral disc).
MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY - Surgery requiring small incision(s), usually performed with endoscopic visualization.
MUSCULATURE - The arrangement of the muscles in a part or in the body as a whole.
MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES - injuries affecting the muscles.
MYALGIA - Muscular pain.
MYELALGIA - Pain in the spinal cord.
MYELANALOSIS - Wasting of spinal marrow, tabes dorsalis.
MYELAPOPLEXY - Loss of nerve strength caused by some disorder of the spinal cord.
MYELASTHENIA - Loss of nerve strength caused by some disorder of the spinal cord.
MYELATELIA - Imperfect development of the spinal cord.
MYELATROPHY - Atrophy (wasting away) of spinal cord because of lack of nutrition, causing it to diminish in size.
MYELAUXE - Abnormal increase in size of spinal cord.
MYELETEROSIS - Abnormal alteration of the spinal cord.
MYELIN - The fat-like substance which surrounds the axon nerve fibers and forms an insulating material.
MYELOCELE - Protrusion of the spinal cord in spina bifida. Herniation and protrusion of substance of spinal cord through defect in the bony spinal canal.
MYELOCYSTOCELE - Cystic protrusion of substance of the spinal cord through a defect in the bony spinal canal.
MYELOCYSTOMENINGOCELE - Cystic protrusion of substance of the spinal cord, with meninges, through a defect in the spinal canal.
MYELODYIASTASIS - Separation of the spinal cord.
MYELODYSPLASIA - Defective development of any part of spinal cord.
MYELOENCEPHALITIS - Inflammation of the spinal cord and brain; myelencephalitis.
MYELOGRAM - An x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces.
MYELOGRAPHY - Radiography of the spinal cord and nerve roots after the injection of a contrast medium into the spinal subarachnoid space.
MYELOMALACIA - Softening of the spinal cord.
MYELOMENINGITIS - Inflammation of the spinal cord and meninges (spinal membranes).
MYELOMENINGOCELE - A protrusion of the spinal cord and its coverings through a defect in the vertebral column. Herniation of cord and meninges through a defect in the vertebral column.
MYELONEURITIS - Inflammation of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
MYELOPARALYSIS - Spinal paralysis.
MYELOPATHY - Any functional or pathologic disturbance in the spinal cord.
MYELOPHTHISIS - Wasting of the spinal cord; reduction of cell-forming function of bone marrow.
MYELOPLEGIA - Spinal paralysis.
MYELORADICULITIS - Inflammation of spinal cord and nerve roots.
MYELORADICULOPATHY - Disease of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
MYELORRHAGIA - Spinal hemorrhage.
MYELOSCELEROSIS - Hardening of the spinal cord.
MYELOSYPHILIS - Syphilis of the spinal cord.
MYELOTOMY - A procedure for severing tracts in the spinal cord.
MYOPATHY - Any disease of muscle.
MYOSITIS - Inflammation of the muscle.
NAFFZIGER SYNDROME - Intervertebral disc disease, cervical rib, or some other disorder causes the scalene muscles to go into spasm, resulting in pressure on the major nerve plexus of the arm causing pain in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand; scalenus anticus syndrome.
NEOPLASM - Any new or abnormal growth, specifically a new growth of tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled.
NERVE - A whitish cordlike structure composed of one or more bundles of myelinated or unlyelinated fibers, or more often mixtures of both coursing outside of the central nervous system, together with connective tissue within the fascicle and around the neurolemma of individual fibers.
NERVE ROOT - The portion of a spinal nerve in close proximity to its origin from the spinal cord.
NEURALGIA - A paroxysmal pain extending along the course of one or more nerves.
NEUROFIBROMA - Fibrous tumor of a nerve, which may affect a nerve root and thus give the appearance of herniated disc disease.
NEUROSURGERY - The surgical specialty involved in the treatment of disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
NEURAL ARCH - The bony arch of the posterior aspect of a vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord, also referred to as the vertebral arch.
NEURALGIA - Pain of a severe, throbbing, or stabbing character in the course or distribution of a nerve.
NEURECTOMY - Excision of part of a nerve.
NEURITIS - Inflammation of a nerve; may also be used to denote non-inflammatory nerve lesions of the peripheral nervous system.
NEUROBLASTOMA - Tumor of sympathetic nervous system origin, found mostly in infants and children.
NEUROFIBROMA - A tumor of the peripheral nerves due to an abnormal collection of fibrous and insulating cells.
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS - A familial condition characterized b by developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles and skin, marked by numerous tumors affecting these organ system.
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS - The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
NEUROLYSIS - Removal of scar or reactive tissue from a nerve or nerve root.
NEUROMA - A tumor or new growth largely made up of nerve fibers and connective tissue.
NEUROMUSCULAR SCOLIOSIS - Scoliosis caused by a muscle or central nervous system disorder.
NEUROPATHY - Any functional or pathologic disturbance in the peripheral nervous system.
NEUROSTIMULATOR - A device for electrical excitation of the central or peripheral nervous system.
NEWMAN - C-1 to C-2 posterior fusion without fixation.
NON-UNION - Failure of the fragments of a fractured bone to heal or to obtain bony fusion following an arthrodesis.
NUCHAL LIGAMENT - Large posterior midline ligament in the neck from the base of the skull to the seventh cervical vertebra.
NUCLEUS PULPOSUS - The semi-gelatinous tissue in the center of an intervertebral disc. It is surrounded and contained by the annulus fibrosus which prevents this material from protruding outside the disc space.
NURICK SCALE - Classification scale for spinal cord compression due to spondylosis.
NYSTAGMUS - Involuntary rapid movement of the eyes in the horizontal, vertical or rotary planes of the eyeball.
OCCIPITAL NERVE - Nerve from the back of the neck that supplies motor function and sensation to the forehead; two parts- greater and lesser.
OCCIPUT - The back part of the head. The base of the skull.
OLIGODENDROGLIA - Non-nerve cells, (see glia) forming part of the supporting structure of the central nervous system.
OLIGODENDROGLIOMA - A growth of new cells derived from the oligodendroglia.
OLISTHY - Slipping of bone(s) from normal anatomic site; for example, a slipped disc.
OPHTHALMOPLEGIA - Paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles.
ORTHOPAEDICS (also ORTHOPEDICS) - The medical specialty involved in the preservation and restoration of function of the musculoskeletal system that includes treatment of spinal disorders and peripheral nerve lesions.
ORTHOPAEDIC IMPLANTS - Medical devices used to replace or provide fixation of bone or to replace articulating surfaces of a joint.
ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON - A physician who treats the musculoskeletal system, extremities, and spine by operation or manipulation.
OSTEOINDUCTIVE - A material with the ability to induce bone to grow
OSSIFICATION - The process of forming bone in the body.
OSTEOARTHRITIS - Arthritis characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, either primary or secondary to trauma or other conditions, which becomes soft, frayed, and thinned with eburnation of subchondral bone and outgrowths of marginal osteophytes.
OSTEOMA - A benign tumor of bone.
OSTEOMYELITIS - Inflammation of bone due to infection, which may be localized or generalized.
OSTEOPHYTE - A bony outgrowth or protuberance.
OSTEOPOROSIS - A disorder in which bone is abnormally brittle, less dense, and is the result of a number of different diseases and abnormalities.
OTHER NERVES (twelfth cranial) - Transcervical, supraclavicular, posterior rami, facial, greater auricular, and hypoglossal.
OVERTON - A dowel graft that is applied across facet joints.